Information-integration systems require special kinds of query-optimization techniques for the ir eff ic ien t operation. The solution lie s in the desi gn of “ wrappers” - transla tors betwee n the schema and d ata val ue s at a source and the schema and data values at the integrated database. We begin by exploring the ways in which seemingly similar databases can actua lly embody confl icts th a t a re hard to resol ve correc tly. The sources may be con ventional databases or other types of information, such as collections of Web pages. The integrated databa se may be p hysic al (a “warehouse”) or virtual (a “mediator” or “middleware” that may be queried even thoug h its does not exist physical ly). Is the process of taking several databases or other in formation sources and making the data in these sources work together as if they were a s ing le database.
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